You could boot up into the Advanced Boot options and select Repair your Computer to navigate to the Recovery Environment and select Command Prompt.
Enter bcdedit |find "osdevice" and using whichever partition letter, enter (assuming c) chkdsk c: /r
This will move data from any bad sectors and repair any files it recovers from there, but some data can be lost.
If you just use the /f switch it will still report any KBs in bad sectors but it may not be able to repair any corrupt files in the bad sectors and could fail to complete.
An alternative would be to run the chkdsk without any switches so that it is in read-only mode where it will still report the state of the volume as well as any bad sectors, but will not carry out any repairs.
Enter exit to close the command window when done