Do you have AdGuard installed ?
That Non-Plug and Play item is for AdGuard TDI Network Driver and wondering if WR had corrupted it.
With some Non-Plug and Play items you can right click on them - select Uninstall then either click on Action/Scan for hardware changes or just reboot for it to reinstate, but I'm not familiar with that network driver.
You could create a restore point and give that a try, but in Googling for some info on it, it has been known to conflict with Online Armour.
Found this download site if that is the item and it needs reinstalling
http://adguard.com/en/versions.html or you could just disable it to see if that has any effect.
Does the Computer Browser service start now ?
These are the services that should be set as Started and Auto or Manual as a requirement for Win 7 Internet connectivity -
COM+ Event System
Computer Browser
DHCP Client
DNS Client
Network Connections
Network Location Awareness
Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
Server
TCP/IP Netbios helper
Wired Autoconfig is set to manual.
WLAN AutoConfig
Workstation
Some of their dependences can be found in Non-Plug and Play Drivers when not listed in Services but from your last post, they appear to be okay.
EditHave you run
sfc /scannow from an elevated command prompt to see what that reports ?
Just as an afterthought - When you open Network and Sharing Center is the Wireless still showing as a Home Group ?
Just came across this article
http://www.techradar.com/news/software/operating-systems/windows-7-homegroup-not-working-try-these-quick-fixes-912305